my public: 2009

Rabu, 03 Juni 2009

finite verb

A finite verb is a verb that is inflected for person and for tense according to the rules and categories of the languages in which it occurs. Finite verbs can form independent clauses, which can stand by their own as complete sentences.

The finite forms of a verb are the forms where the verb shows tense, person or singular plural. Non-finite verb forms have no person, tense or number.

I go, she goes, he went - These verb forms are finite.

To go, going, gone - These verb forms are non-finite.

In most Indo-European languages, every grammatically complete sentence or clause must contain a finite verb; sentence fragments not containing finite verbs are described as phrases or minor sentences. In Latin and some Romance languages, however, there are a few words that can be used to form sentences without verbs, such as Latin ecce, Portuguese eis, French voici and voilà, and Italian ecco, all of these translatable as here ... is or here ... are. Some interjections can play the same role. Even in English, a sentence like Thanks for your help! has an interjection where it could have a subject and a finite verb form (compare I appreciate your help!).

In English, as in most related languages, only verbs in certain moods are finite. These include:
the indicative mood (expressing a state of affairs); e.g., "The bulldozer demolished the restaurant," "The leaves were yellow and stiff."
the imperative mood (giving a command).
the subjunctive mood (expressing something that might or might not be the state of affairs, depending on some other part of the sentence).

Verb forms that are not finite include:
the infinitive
participles (e.g., "The broken window...", "The wheezing gentleman...")
gerunds and gerundives

Gratitude, thankfulness, or appreciation

Gratitude, thankfulness, or appreciation

Gratitude, thankfulness, or appreciation is a positive emotion or attitude in acknowledgment of a benefit that one has received or will receive. The experience of gratitude has historically been a focus of several world religions, and has been considered extensively by moral philosophers such as Adam Smith.The systematic study of gratitude within psychology only began around the year 2000, possibly because psychology has traditionally been focused more on understanding distress rather than understanding positive emotions. However, with the advent of the positive psychology movement, gratitude has become a mainstream focus of psychological research. [4] The study of gratitude within psychology has focused on the understanding of the short term experience of the emotion of gratitude (state gratitude), individual differences in how frequently people feel gratitude (trait gratitude), and the relationship between these two aspects.[5][6]

en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gratitude

finite verb

Selasa, 02 Juni 2009

George Washington

George Washington (22 Februari 1732 - 14 Desember1799) adalah Presiden Amerika Serikat (1789–1797) yang pertama. Pada usia 11 tahun ayahnya meninggal dunia. George Washington mula mula bekerja sebagai mantri ukur, ia lalu masuk tentara pada usia 21 tahun, dan diangkat menjadi Letnan Kolonel saat mengikuti wajib militer oleh Gubernur negara bagian Virginia. Menikah tahun 1759 dengan Martha Dandridge Custis Washington, George Washington mengurus perkebunannya yang luas di Virginia dan menjadi anggota Dewan Perwakilan Rakyat Virginia, hingga Revolusi Amerika pecah. George Washington merupakan anggota perkumpulan rahasia Freemasonry.

Ketika berumur 33 tahun, ia memilih untuk memihak rakyat negara bagian Virginia yang memberontak melawan orang-orang Inggris yang mengeluarkan undang - undang yang tidak adil menurut perdapat rakyat Virginia. Ia pun bertugas memimpin tentara Virginia. Pada tahun 1775 ia diangkat menjadi Panglima Tertinggi oleh Kongres Kontinental, yaitu Kongres ke-13 daerah jajahan Kerajaan Inggris.

Pada tahun 1776 Revolusi Kemerdekaan Amerika pecah dan Kongres Kontinental mengeluarkan Deklarasi Kemerdekaan dan memisahkan diri dari Kerajaan Inggris. Kepemimpinan George Washington berkontribusi banyak dalam keberhasilan daerah-daerah jajahan di Amerika memperjuangkan kemerdekaannya. Pada tahun 1783 Inggris mengakui kemerdekaan Amerika Serikat, George Washington keluar dari tentara. Empat tahun kemudian pada 1787 ia menjadi Ketua Konvensi Konstitusional.

Pada tahun 1789 setelah Konstitusi disahkan, ia dipilih dengan suara bulat menjadi Presiden Amerika yang pertama. Ia menjalankan dua masa jabatan dari tahun 1789 hingga tahun 1797, didampingi oleh John Adams sebagai wakil presiden. Dalam pidato perpisahannya pada tahun 1797, ia menyerukan kepada rakyat Amerika Serikat agar meninggalkan rasa kepartaian dan rasa kedaerahan yang berlebih-lebihan.

Pada tahun 1799, George Washington meninggal dunia dalam usia 67 tahun di Mount Vernon, setelah tiga tahun meletakkan jabatannya sebagai presiden. Ia tidak memiliki keturunan, hanya seorang anak angkat.

Nama-Nama Presiden Amerika Serikat

1.
George Washington
1789– 1797
2.
John Adams
1797– 1801
3.
Thomas Jefferson
1801– 1809
4.
James Madison
1809– 1817

5.
James Monroe
1817– 1825
6.
John Quincy Adams
1825– 1829
7.
Andrew Jackson
1829– 1837
8.
Martin Van Buren
1837– 1841

9.
William Henry Harrison
1841
10.
John Tyler
1841– 1845
11.
James K. Polk
1845– 1849
12.
Zachary Taylor
1849– 1850

13.
Millard Fillmore
1850– 1853
14.
Franklin Pierce
1853– 1857
15.
James Buchanan
1857– 1861
16.
Abraham Lincoln
1861– 1865

17.
Andrew Johnson
1865– 1869
18.
Ulysses S. Grant
1869– 1877
19.
Rutherford B. Hayes
1877– 1881
20.
James A. Garfield
1881

21.
Chester A. Arthur
1881– 1885
22.
Grover Cleveland
1885– 1889
23.
Benjamin Harrison
1889– 1893
24.
Grover Cleveland
1893– 1897

25.
William McKinley
1897– 1901
26.
Theodore Roosevelt
1901– 1909
27.
William Howard Taft
1909– 1913
28.
Woodrow Wilson
1913– 1921

29.
Warren G. Harding
1921– 1923
30.
Calvin Coolidge
1923– 1929
31.
Herbert Hoover
1929– 1933
32.
Franklin Delano Roosevelt
1933– 1945

33.
Harry S. Truman
1945– 1953
34.
Dwight D. Eisenhower
1953– 1961
35.
John F. Kennedy
1961– 1963
36.
Lyndon B. Johnson
1963– 1969
37.
Richard Nixon
1969– 1974
38.
Gerald R. Ford
1974– 1977
39.
Jimmy Carter
1977– 1981
40.
Ronald Reagan
1981– 1989

41.
George H. W. Bush
1989– 1993
42.
Bill Clinton
1993– 2001
43.
George W. Bush

2001–2008

44.Barack Obama

Senin, 01 Juni 2009

Modal in the past form

Modal auxiliary verbs give more information about the function of the main verb that follows it. Although having a great variety of communicative functions, these functions can all be related to a scale ranging from possibility (can) to necessity (must). Within this scale there are two functional divisions: one concerned with possibility and necessity in terms of freedom to act (including ability, permission and duty), and the other (shall not included) concerns itself with the theoretical possibility of propositions being true or not true, including likelihood and certainty: must = absolute (often moral) obligation, order, requirement, necessity; can/could = physical or mental ability; may/might = permission, option, choice; will = intention in 1st person, volition in 2nd and 3rd persons; and shall/should = in 1st person objective though not moral obligation, no choice, as in: One day I shall die: we all shall die one day; in 2nd and third persons shall implies an incumbent obligation, destiny (It shall come to pass) or a command, decree, necessity imposed by the speaker, as in: A meeting shall take place on the last Friday of every month or a promise, namely that the speaker is stating his obligation to another party that an action or event take place, as in: You shall go to the ball, Cinderella. However, if a speaker states: I will let you go to the ball, Cinderella, in stating his intention, he is, in this instance, also making a promise.

en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Modal_verb

Simple Present Tense

Use the Simple Present to express the idea that an action is repeated or usual. The action can be a habit, a hobby, a daily event, a scheduled event or something that often happens. It can also be something a person often forgets or usually does not do.

Examples:
I play tennis.
She does not play tennis.
Does he play tennis?
The train leaves every morning at 8 AM.
The train does not leave at 9 AM.
When does the train usually leave?
She always forgets her purse.
He never forgets his wallet.

Every twelve months, the Earth circles the Sun.Does the Sun circle the Earth?

www.englishpage.com/verbpage/simplepresent.html

Direct Speech And Indirect Speech

We often have to give information about what people say or think. In order to do this you can use direct or quoted speech, or indirect or reported speech.
Direct Speech / Quoted Speech

Saying exactly what someone has said is called direct speech (sometimes called quoted speech)

Here what a person says appears within quotation marks ("...") and should be word for word.

For example:

She said, "Today's lesson is on presentations."

or

"Today's lesson is on presentations," she said.

Indirect Speech / Reported Speech

Indirect speech (sometimes called reported speech), doesn't use quotation marks to enclose what the person said and it doesn't have to be word for word.

When reporting speech the tense usually changes. This is because when we use reported speech, we are usually talking about a time in the past (because obviously the person who spoke originally spoke in the past). The verbs therefore usually have to be in the past too.

www.learnenglish.de/grammar/reportedspeech.htm

descriptive text

A descriptive text is a text which lists the characteristics of something. Take an example, the following is one of the text belongs to the descriptive text.

We get the purpose from the text above that description is used in all forms of writing to create a vivid impression of a person, place, object or event e.g. to: ·
Describe a special place and explain why it is special.
Describe the most important person in your live.
Describe the animal’s habit in your report.

Descriptive writing or text is usually also used to help writer develop an aspect of their work, e.g. to create a particular mood, atmosphere or describe a place so that the reader can create vivid pictures of characters, places, objects etc. To complete our intention to, here are the characteristics based on descriptive writing or text, below;

As a feature, description is a style of writing which can be useful for other variety of purposes as:
To engage a reader’s attention
To create characters
To set a mood or create an atmosphere
To being writing to life

While in language function, descriptive writing;
Aims to show rather than tell the reader what something/someone is like
Relies on precisely chosen vocabulary with carefully chosen adjectives and adverbs.
Is focused and concentrates only on the aspects that add something to the main purpose of the description.
Sensory description-what is heard, seen, smelt, felt, tasted.Precise use of adjectives, similes, metaphors to create images/pictures in the mind e.g. their noses were met with the acrid smell of rotting flesh.
Strong development of the experience that “put the reader there” focuses on key details, powerful verbs and precise nouns.

Beyond the characteristics stated on, descriptive writing also consists of generic structure in range as:
General statement
Explanation
Closing

The description text has dominant language features as follows:
Using Simple Present Tense
Using action verbs
Using passive voice
Using noun phrase
Using adverbial phrase
Using technical terms
Using general and abstract noun
Using conjunction of time and cause-effect.

ahmadzahrowi.wordpress.com/2009/03/16/descriptive-text/

News Item

Purpose : to inform readers about events of the day which are considered newsworthy or important

Generic Structure :
Newsworthy event(s)
Background event(s)
Sources

Language Features :
Short,telegraphic information about story captured in headline
use of action verbs
use of saying verbs
use of adverbs : time, manner and place

drveggielabandresearch.blogspot.com/2008/01/reading-text-summary-of- genres.html

Narrative text

Narrative is a text focusing specific participants. Its social function is to tell stories or past events and entertain the readers.

Generic Structure of Narrative

A narrative text consists of the following structure:

1. Orientation: Introducing the participants and informing the time and the place

2. Complication: Describing the rising crises which the participants have to do with

3. Resolution: Showing the way of participant to solve the crises, better or worse

understandingtext.blogspot.com/2007/12/what-is-narrativ.html

Noun phrases

Noun phrases normally consist of a head noun, which is optionally modified ("premodified" If the modifier is placed before the noun; "postmodified" if the modifier is placed after the noun). Possible modifiers include:
determiners: articles (the, a), demonstratives (this, that), numerals (two, five, etc.), possessives (my, their, etc.), and quantifiers (some, many, etc.). In English, determiners are usually placed before the noun;
adjectives (the red ball); or
complements, in the form of a prepositional phrase (such as: the student of physics), or a That-clause (the claim that the earth is round);
modifiers; pre-modifiers if placed before the noun and usually either as nouns (the university student) or adjectives (the beautiful lady), or post-modifiers if placed after the noun. A postmodifier may be either a prepositional phrase (the man with long hair) or a relative clause (the house where I live). The difference between modifiers and complements is that complements complete the meaning of the noun; complements are necessary, whereas modifiers are optional because they just give additional information about the noun.

en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Noun_phrase

Simple past tense

Use the Simple Past to express the idea that an action started and finished at a specific time in the past. Sometimes, the speaker may not actually mention the specific time, but they do have one specific time in mind.

Examples:
I saw a movie yesterday.
I didn't see a play yesterday.
Last year, I traveled to Japan.
Last year, I didn't travel to Korea.
Did you have dinner last night?
She washed her car.
He didn't wash his car.

www.englishpage.com/verbpage/simplepast.html

Advertising is a form of communication that typically attempts to persuade potential customers to purchase or to consume more of a particular brand of product or service. “While now central to the contemporary global economy and the reproduction of global production networks, it is only quite recently that advertising has been more than a marginal influence on patterns of sales and production. The formation of modern advertising was intimately bound up with the emergence of new forms of monopoly capitalism around the end of the 19th and beginning of the 20th century as one element in corporate strategies to create, organize and where possible control markets, especially for mass produced consumer goods. Mass production necessitated mass consumption, and this in turn required a certain homogenization of consumer tastes for final products. At its limit, this involved seeking to create ‘world cultural convergence’, to homogenize consumer tastes and engineer a ‘convergence of lifestyle, culture and behaviors among consumer segments across the world’.

en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Advertising

Passive voice

In English, as in many other languages, the passive voice is a grammatical voice in which the subject receives the action of a transitive verb, and passive refers more generally to verbs using this construction and the passages in which they are used. In English, a passive verb is periphrastic; that is, it does not have a one-word form, but consists of an auxiliary verb plus the past participle of the transitive verb. The auxiliary verb usually is a form of the verb to be, but other auxiliary verbs, such as get, are sometimes used. The passive voice can be used in any number of tenses.

en.wikipedia.org/wiki/English_passive_voice